Bio-Socio-demographic Risk factors of Gestational Diabetes: A Case Control Study
Abstract
India is second largest country to have people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in world. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has bad pregnancy outcomes so this present case control study was conducted on 50 pregnant women (ANCs) with GDM and 50 normal ANCs to assess the bio-sociodemographic risk factors of Gestational Diabetes. It was found that GDM was significantly associated with age, religion, residence and BMI of woman. GDM was found significantly more with increasing age and increasing BMI. ANCs residing in urban areas and belonging to Muslim religion were more pron to have GDM than their counter parts. Family history of diabetes also favors in occurrence of GDM. So clinicians should increase GDM screening at first ANC visit and prompt treatment is recommended to prevent complication. Early identification of woman at risk of GDM may prevent maternal and perinatal morbidity.
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Introduction
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with the onset or first diagnosed during gestation with or without remission after the end of pregnancy. 1
Diabetes complicates 1-20% of all pregnancies worldwide.2 Indian women have high prevalence of diabetes and their relative risk of developing GDM is 11.3 times compared with white women. 3 Indian woman had higher prevalence of gestational diabetes at 22 to 25% as opposed to the worldwide prevalence figure of 15%.4 In addition to these GDM cases are expected to rise to 101.2 million by 2030.The prevalence of GDM in India varies from 3.8 to 21% in different parts of the country depending on the geographical locations and diagnostic methods used. GDM has been found to be more prevalent in urban areas rather than rural areas.5 According a study in Tamil Nadu by Thamizharasi M, et al. that GDM was detected in 17.8 per cent women in urban, 13.8 per cent women in semi-urban and 9.9 per cent women in rural areas. 6
The prevalence of gestational diabetes has been reported to 6.6% in western Rajasthan.1 Prevalence of GDM is 9.5% in Western India7 and 17.9% in Tamil Nadu. 8 In India it is difficult to predict any uniform prevalence levels because of wide differences in living conditions, socio-economic levels and dietary habits.9
Conclusion
This present study concludes that among all studied variables like age, religion, residence, education, occupation, BMI, SES, blood groups, h/o smoking, tobacco chewing, infertility treatment and family h/o diabetes; greater risk of GDM was found in women with increasing age, increasing BMI, with positive h/o family history of diabetes.