Effects of Cigarette and Shisha Smoking on Hematological Parameters: An analytic case-control study
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the major causes of cancer and cardiovascular diseases leading to millions of premature deaths each year all over the world. Scientists have identified about 4,000 different substances in tobacco all of which have certain degree of toxic effects. At least 43 of them known carcinogens.
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Introduction
Smoking is the most important public health problem. Many studies conducted have proved its deleterious effects on many organ systems mainly respiratory, reticulo-endothelial system and cardiovascular systems. 1 According to data reported from the World Health Organization 2 , there is about 2.4 billion people worldwide that have consumed tobacco in the forms of smoking, chewing, snuffing or dipping. WHO also estimates that tobacco-related deaths will amount to 8.3 million in 2030 and one billion deaths during the 21st century. 2 Water-pipe (WP) is a classical device used for tobacco smoking attached with water bowl.3 WP usage has a history about 400 years with the different names like as a shisha, narghile, hookah chillum and arghile.4,5 Cigarette smoke contains a variety of other compounds including oxidants and free radicals that are capable of initiating or promoting oxidative damage6 leading to various degenerative pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer7 Although the effect of smoking on haematological parameters has been studied previously but the literature is limited and controversial.
Conclusion
Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, leukocyte count and mean cell hemoglobin concentration increased in cigarette and shisha smokers compared to control group. But there was no change in mean cell volume for both cigarette and shisha smokers compared with nonsmokers.